信息来源：互联网   发布时间：2023-09-07

商务英语翻译电子讲义 1. 课程及学习方法简介2.商务英语实务与翻译商务英语的词汇、术语与翻译学习商务英语，长难句理解。

 

商务英语翻译电子讲义1. 课程及学习方法简介2.商务英语实务与翻译商务英语的词汇、术语与翻译学习商务英语首先要从英语语言基础入手，由于商务英语涉及到英语的听、说、读、写、译，商务英语学生必须在这些方面有一定的基础。

提高听、说、读、写、译水平最根本的办法就是要掌握尽可能多的商务英语词汇、短语、句型和商务英语习惯表达法商务英语的学生都有一定的英语基础，但对有关商务的词汇、短语、句型掌握得不多，对商务英语语篇不熟悉，因此，首先应该从商务英语词汇等方面开始。

下面，就让我们来看一看商务英语词汇等方面的特点1、商务英语词汇英语词汇多达几十万，并且词语表义较为灵活，对上下文的依赖也较大如，"board"一词，本义为"木板"，但在不同上下文中，可以表示"车"、"船

"、"伙食"、"会议桌"、"委员会"等而在商务英语中，"board"往往用来表示"董事会"，如，"chairmanor president of the board"（董事会主席或董事长）；或者，它经常用在。

FOB (Freeon Board，离岸价，船上交货价)价格术语中，意思是"船"在商务英语中，有着许多通过引申、转换、添加等手段而获得的有别于普通英语词义的具有"新义"的"旧词"例如：literature 。

在普通英语中，它表示"文学"；而在商务英语中，它则表示"printedmatters, including leaflets, instruction, product catalogue, price list, etc. (

文字宣传资料，诸如产品说明书、产品目录、价目表等)"例如：In order to market our new product，wehave printed fine literature．(为了推销新产品，我们印了精美的宣传资料。

) 例如：Please send me any literature you have oncamping holidays in Tahiti.请惠寄贵处有关在塔希提岛野营度假的宣传资料claim 在普通英语中，它的意思是

"要求，认领"；而在商务英语中，它则表示"demand orrequest for a thing considered ones due (索赔)"例如：You can claim your money back if the goods are damaged.。

如果货物有损，你可以索赔reference 在普通英语中，它表示"参考，查阅，提及"；而在商务英语中，它的意思是"persons or firms named by a customer asking a supplier forcredit, from whom the supplier can get information about the businessreputation of the customer (担保人，证明人)"。

例如：Hehas excellent references from former employers.他拥有前任雇主非常好的证明除了属于英语共核部分(Englishcommon core)的词汇以外，商务英语还有着其特别的专门词汇。

例如：backlog: orders to supply, needing to be dealt with quickly (积欠未交货的订单) e.g. We have a large backlog. (

我们积压的订货甚多)in-tray: tray for incoming documents (放在办公桌上用来装收到的文件的容器，收文篮；用于盛放将要发出去的文件的容器叫out-tray, 发文篮)

e.g. When l am away，pleasehelp to check my in-tray. (我不在的时候，请帮我查看我的收文篮)overheads：routineadministrative and maintenance expenses of a business (。

公司的日常开支，如电费、文具费、汽车油费等) e.g. We have some money indeed，but we arevery sorry that we cannot return the money now

，aswe have to consider our overheads. (我们确实有些钱，但是，非常抱歉，我们目前不能还这笔钱，因为我们得考虑我们的日常开销)1. a country mile一段很长的距离。

该习语多用在美国口语中，名词country有“农场”的意思在美国，由于科技比较发达，农场往往都很大这些农场总能给人以辽阔、遥远之感故该习语用country来指“距离之远”A: Is the house close to the central city?。

那房子挨着市中心吗？B: It is a country mile from downtown. But it won’t be aproblem since you drive.离城中心远着呢可既然你开车这就不成问题了。

A: The distance is not really a problem. The real problemis whether I can afford it.远近到不是问题，问题是我是不是买得起。

B: Don’t worry about it. It’s a real bargain.不用担心，很便宜的2. a drug on the market 滞销商品，滞销货，供应过剩的商品drug的本义是。

“麻醉药品”，而麻醉药品是不能在市场上公开出售的，因此该词常常用来指“滞销货” A: The things Micheal bought home wereusually a drug on the market for adults.。

麦考买回来的东西在成人眼里都是卖不出去的B: That’s not abnormal for a youngster. Young people allseem to be crazy about such things.。

这对年轻人来说没什么不正常的看起来他们对这些东西都非常感兴趣A: The real problem is that he’s using my money for them.问题是他拿我的钱去买的呀B: He’s your son, after all. Who else’s money do yousuppose him to use?

他毕竟是你的儿子呀，不然你想让他拿谁的钱去买呢3. a fair shake 公平的待遇shake在口语中有“处置、对待”的意思当fair的意思为“公平的”时，这个短语的意思是“顺利的、有意的”时，它的意思就是。

“好机会”A: Bob, can you ever make a thing right?鲍勃，你就不能做对一件事吗？B: Yes, I can and I am doing the right thing.。

我能，而且我现在干的就是对的A: You should go and see how Allan handles it.你真该去看看阿伦是怎么处理问题的B: It’s that Allen again! Why can’t you ever think ofgiving me a fair shake?。

又是那个阿伦！你怎么就不能考虑对我公平点？4. a fat chance 微小的机会fat本是“很多”的意思，但在这里用了反意，表示“微小的机会”；表示同样意义的短语还有a fat lot，指“很少”A: What do you think of his plan?

你觉得他的方案如何？B: I have a feeling that it is doomed to fail.我感觉它注定要失败A: Why don’t you vote against him?干吗不投票否决他的提议？

B: It’s a fat chance of voting out his suggestion.投票否决他的提议，其机会渺茫2、商务英语短语在商务英语背景下，通过搭配而形成了许多专用于商务英语的具有商务特征的短语。

例如：outstanding accounts：accountsthat are overdue for payment (到期未付的帐) e.g. We hope the outstanding account can be settled within this month.Otherwise, our accounting department will consider changing the conditions ofpayment for future orders. (

我们希望你方本月能将欠帐结清，否则，我方财务部将考虑改变定单支付条件)unsocial hours：timefor overwork (与社交活动冲突的时间、加班的时间) e.g. We should emphasize the large extra bonus for working in unsocial hours。

．(我们应当重视对加班发高额奖金)living out of a suitcase: often go onbusiness trips (经常出差在外) e.g. My husband is a sales-manager。

．Heis a man living out of a suitcase．(我丈夫是销售经理，老是出差在外)make five clerks redundant：dismiss five clerks (。

裁员五名) e.g. Our branch is badly overstaffed．Wehave now decided to make eight clerks redundant．(我们分公司严重超员，我们已经决定裁员八名。

)flexitime system：system of flexible working hours (弹性工作制度：一种根据工作特点灵活确定上下班时间的工作制度例如，某人每天工作的八个小时内，只有从上午十点钟到下午三点钟是一天中最忙的时间，那么，经商定他可以不在正常的上午八点钟上班，在晚些时候到公司上班；下午也不一定在规定的五点钟下班，可以提前下班。

他集中精力的工作时间(如10：00～15：00)叫做core time，灵活的工作时间叫做flexiband) e.g. The first item on the agenda is a discussion of the managements proposalson flexitime system

．(会议安排表的第一项是讨论资方提出的弹性工作制)练习1. confirm例一：Wed like to inform you that our counter sample will be sent to you by DHL bythe end of this week. Please confirm it ASAP so that we can start massproduction. 。

通知您，我们的回样将于本周末用特快专递给您请尽快确认，以便我们开始大批生产例二：Payment will be made by a 100% confirmed, irrevocable Letter of Credit。

付款方式为 100% 保兑，不可撤消信用证注解：在第一个句子中，confirm的意思是"确认"在第二个句子中，confirmed L/C 应翻译为"保兑信用证"，即指一家银行所开的由另一家银行保证兑付的一种银行信用证。

2. negotiable例一：Part-time barman required. Hours and pay negotiable. 招聘兼职酒吧侍者，工作时间和薪水面议例二：This Bill of Lading is issued in negotiable form, so it shall constitute titleto the goods and the holder, by endorsement of this B/L. 。

所签发的提单为可转让的故只要在提单上背书，便确定了货物和持票人的所有权注解：在第一句话中，negotiable的意思是"可商议的"；在第二句话中的意思则是可转让的""可转让提单" 经过背书后即可将所有权转让给他人。

值得注意的是，negotiatingbank 则是议付银行，即购买或贴现汇票的银行3. average例一：If a particular cargo is partially damaged, the damage is calledparticular average. 。

如果某批货是部分受损我们称之为"单独海损"例二：Its obvious that the products are below average quality. 很明显，这批产品的品质是中下水平注解：在第一个句子中，。

particularaverage 意思是"单独海损"，是指在保险业中由于海上事故所导致的部分损失第二个句子中average是指"平均的"4. tender例一：Under the CIF, it is the sellers obligation to tender the relative documentsto the buyer to enable him to deliver the goods. 。

在 CIF 价格术语项下的责任是向买方递交有关单证，使其能在货物到达后提取货物例二：He became as happy as if his tender for building a mansion had been accepted. 。

他欣喜若狂，好象他承办大厦筑的投标被接受了注解：商务英语中的重要条款用词非常正规，第一句话中，tender 是用作动词，相当于 give而在第二句中，tender是用作名词，意思是"投标"名片的翻译    [

一]、地址的翻译名片上的英语地址写法和英语信纸上地址的写法一样，与中国人地址的写法顺序相反英国加工与包装机械协会有限公司上海代表处的邮政编码和地址是：   200135  中国上海浦东新区商城路660号乐凯大厦

1511室英语译文：   Room 1511, Lucky Mansions    No. 660 Shang Cheng Rd.   Pudong New Area   Shanghai 200135

China与“路”相对应的英语是road，缩写为Rd.“街”一般翻译成street“大街”翻译成main street“里”、“弄”、“巷”都可以用lane来翻译“胡同”，可以用alley“新村”翻译成。

village“小区”可翻译成residential quarter/area    [二]、职称职位的翻译    1．“董事长”     Chairman of the Board, President

    2．“总裁”     Chief Executive Officer (C.E.O.)    3．“总经理”     General Manager，缩写为G.M. ManagingDirector。

总工程师    Chief Engineer; Engineer-in-Chief总干事    Director-General总监   Controller总务长    Dean of General Affairs

总督   Governor总管   Head Clerk总理   Prime Minister; PremierChief Accountant    总会计师Chief Architect    总建筑师

Chief Designer    总设计师Chief Editor; Editor-in-Chief   总编辑Chief of General Affairs    总务主任Chief of General Staff   

总参谋长Commander-in-Chief    总司令General Accountant    总会计师General Agent    总代理商General Consul    总领事General Designer   

总设计师General Manager    总经理General Secretary; Secretary-General    总书记；总干事General Store Supervisor   

总务管理员Auditor-General    总稽查Consul-General    总领事    4．“副……”（1）Deputy副经理    Deputy Manager副主席    Deputy Chairman

Deputy 一般是用来表示企业、事业行政部门的副职   Peter Davis, the Deputy Planning Director of North Yorkshire彼得·戴维斯，北约克郡负责规划的副主任

   Alan Plumpton, Deputy Chairman of the Electricity Council电力委员会的副主席阿兰·普朗普顿（2）Vice-   Vice- 常和President,Chairman, Chancellor

等连用   Vice-chancellor在英国、澳大利亚、新西兰、中国香港的大学里指正校长、院长，在美国，Vice-chancellor应理解为“副校长”（3）Associate, Assistant。

   Associate常用于表示职称的副职Assistant的基本意思的“助理”   Vice-president                     副总裁   Vice-chairman                     。

副董事长   Vice-minister                     副部长   Vice-consul                       副领事   Vice-premier                     

副总理   Deputy Chairman                  副主席   Deputy Director                   副主任，副厂长   Deputy Editor-in-Chief             

副总编   Deputy Manager                   副经理   Associate Professor                副教授   Associate Chief Physician           

副主任医生   Associate Research Fellow           副研究员    5．“名誉……”“名誉……”的英语通常用Honorary 或者Emeritus例如：    HonoraryChairman                           。

名誉主席    EmeritusPresident（或PresidentEmeritus）名誉校长    6．“代……”“代……”可翻译成"Acting ..."例如：Acting Factory Director。

代厂长    7．“兼……”“兼……”可以翻译成and或and concurrently. 例如：   Chairman of the Board of Directors and (concurrently) Chief ExecutiveOfficer

董事长兼首席执行官    Presidentand Chief Operating Officer总裁兼首席业务官    [三]、公司名称的翻译（1）Company (Co.)   company 是英国英语，如在英国《公司法》的英语是

Company Lawcompany一般指已经登记注册、具有法人资格的公司，不管其规模大小联合国际公司    Union International Co.壳牌石油公司    Shell Oil Co.。

中国人民保险公司    The Poeples Insurance Co. ofChina（2）Corporation (Corp.)   corporation是美国英语如在美国《公司法》的英语是Corporation Law.

   Chrysler Corporation克莱斯勒汽车公司中国纺织品进出口总公司    ChinaNational Textile Import & Export Corporation中国五金矿产进出口总公司

ChinaNationalMetals and Minerals Import & Export Corporation中国国际信托投资公司   China International Trust & Investment Corporation

中国对外贸易运输公司ChinaNationalForeign Trade Transportation Corporation    (3)Incorporation   United Air Lines Incorporation

美国联合航空公司   (4) Firm   consulting firm咨询公司，law firm律师事务所    (5)Agency翻译公司    TranslationAgency中国外轮代理总公司。

    ChinaOcean Shipping Agency广告公司    AdvertisingAgency   (6) Line(s)   Shanghai Air Lines上海航空公司    HawaiianAir Lines

夏威夷航空公司    NorthwestAirline西北航空公司（美国）   Delta Air Lines三角航空公司（美国）    BritishAirways英国航空公司   (7) Industries

   Mitsubishi Heavy Industries三菱重工公司（日本）   Amsted Industries阿姆斯特德工业公司（美国）沪浦实业公司    HupoolIndustries    (8) Products

    Avon Products雅芳公司（美国）   (9) Enterprise(s)   Coca-Cola Enterprise可口可乐企业公司（美国）   Winn Enterprises胜利企业公司（美国）

    (10) Stores    Wal-MartStores沃尔-马特百货公司（美国）    AmericanStores美国百货公司    (11) Service (s)服务性质的公司U.S.

PostalService美国邮政服务公司JapanPostalService日本邮政服务公司    (12) System系统公司   Electronic Data Systems电子数据系统公司（美国）

    SunMicrosystem    (13) Group    INGGroup   ING 集团公司（荷兰）   American International Group美国国际集团公司   Munich RE Group

慕尼黑RE集团公司    (14) Holding (s)   HSBC Holdings汇丰控股有限公司（英国）    ABNAmro Holding    ABN阿莫罗持股公司（荷兰）   Nablsco Group Holdings

纳贝斯科控股公司（美国）    (15) Assurance, Insurance    New York Life Insurance纽约人寿保险公司（美国）    StandardLife Assurance

标准人寿保险公司（英国）    (16) Laboratories   laboratories 有时用来指“制药公司”   Abbott Laboratories艾伯特（雅配）制药公司（美国）   Tyco Laboratories

泰科制药公司    (17) OfficeFire Office    火灾保险公司Life Office    人寿保险公司Frankfurt Tourist Office    法兰克福旅游公司    Beijing Leewen Trading Company, Shanghai Office

北京丽文贸易公司上海办事处ChinaNational Machinery and Equipment Import& Export Corporation, GuangdongBranch, Shenzhen Office

中国机械设备进出口总公司广东分公司深圳办事处    (18) Associate, Alliance, Union, United等   John Smith and Associates约翰·史密期合伙公司

   Royal & Sun Alliance皇家与太阳联盟公司（英国）   Union Camp (Wayne, NJ)联合坎普公司（美国新泽西州韦恩）    (19) “零翻译”   Dow Chemicals

道尔化学公司（美国）   Apple Computer苹果计算机公司（美国）   Digital Equipment数据设备公司（美国）    BritishSteel英国钢铁公司（英国）   General Cinema

通用电影公司（美国）   Scott Paper斯科特造纸公司（美国）    Boeing波音公司（美国）   Unilever联合利华公司（英/荷）   Time Warner时代华纳公司（美国）合资企业

    joint venture中英合资企业    Sino-British joint venture合作企业    contractual joint venture中美合作企业    Sino-US contractual joint venture

独资企业    all foreign owned firm / wholly foreignowned enterprise广告的翻译advertisement    广告commercial   

电视广告message   广播中插播的小广告slogan   广告的标志性语言（一）、英语广告的语言特点及其翻译1．词汇特点（1）错拼Drinka pinta Milka Day.   Drinka pint of Milk a Day.

一天请喝一品脱牛奶   Weknow eggsactly how to sell eggs.我们确实知道如何卖蛋（2）杜撰新词   Whenyour taste grows up, Winston out-tastes them all.。

随着你的鉴赏能力的提高，您会觉得温丝顿香烟味道超群   Givea Timex to all, to all a good Time.给诸君一块“天美时”表，各位就掌握了好时光（3）词语搭配反常   Whenit is difficult to communicate clearly with words, speak Polaroid ...When youtalk about life, speak Polaroid.。

言词难以清楚交流时，找“拍立得”吧！谈论生活时，找“拍立得”吧！   Inthe best circles, washing machine is pronounced Parnall.在上层社会里，“洗衣机”念作“帕纳尔”。

2．句法特点（1）句式简短   AdAgency: How about a beautiful shot of beer being poured?   Client:Every beer does that.

   AdAgency: Well then, a close-up of the bottle.   Client:Every beer does that.   AdAgency: We cloud go with a celebrity.

   Client:Join the line.   AdAgency: How about your chairman as a spokesperson?   Client:Cars, airlines, razors, etc.

   AdAgency: A shot of grain fields.   Client:Boring.   AdAgency: Music?   Client:Its a magazine ad.   AdAgency: Girls in bikinis?

   Client:Thats original.   AdAgency: Maybe we need more time.           Heineken           Just being the best is enough.

——一杯美丽的正在倾倒的啤酒图像怎么样？——所有啤酒广告都那么做——那么，来个啤酒瓶的特写吧——所有啤酒广告都那么做——找个名人——老俗套——你们的老总做发言人？——车、航空公司、剃刀都这么样——啤酒花田的图像。

——无聊——来点儿音乐？——这可是杂志广告——穿比基尼的少女？——真够有创意的——也许我们需要更多时间—— Heineken.至优啤酒足以说明一切Pity the Pickpockets!  Tilley Endurables. "The best travel and adventure clothing in theworld": classically styled, long-lasting, comfortable clothes with secretpockets, security pockets, and "give em hell。

！" washing instructions.   The (free to you!) 68-page catalogue is ahoot!扒手可怜！  Tilley Endurables 衫“世界上最好的旅游、探险衫”：式样古朴大方，耐穿，舒适，附有秘密口袋、安全口袋及极易清洗。

免费赠送68页的商品目录（2）多用疑问句和祈使句   Fluentin French?   Anexcellent communicator?   Agood organizer?   Thendevelop your career within this sales support role.。

法语说得流利吗？非常善于交际吗？是个优秀的组织者吗？如果是的话，那么就请到我们这个销售支持领域拓展您的事业吧！If you are looking for lifelike sound from small, beautiful anddurable speakers, listen to our Bose speakers, and begin to live your life tomusic.

如果您正在寻找一台漂亮又耐用的音响逼真的小型扬声器，那就听一听我们的“博士”扬声器，让您的生活伴着音乐开始吧！（二）、修辞手法：一、明喻Featherwater: light as a featherFeatherwater

眼镜——轻如鸿毛Today, Sakura Bank is like a thrivingsakura.如今，樱花银行就如一棵怒放的樱花树二、暗喻EBEL the architects of time“依贝尔”手表——时间的缔造者

三、双关MAKE TIME FOR TIME抽出时间读《时代》Im More satisfied!摩尔牌香烟使我更加满意四、排比I WANT THE BODY OF A GREEK GODI want to work out in a huge fitnesscenter.

I want to stay in the heart of the CentralBusiness District.I want a room with a view of threecountries.

EVERYTHING I WANT IS AT THE WORLDS TALLESTHOTEL.THE WESTIN STAMFORD &  WESTIN PLAZA我想有希腊之神的身躯我想在巨大的健身房锻炼

我想住在中央商务区我想入住能眺望三个国家的房间我最想住在世界上最高的宾馆里No problem too large. No business toosmall.译文：没有解决不了的大问题，没有不做的小生意。

五、拟人Unlike me, my Rolex never needs a rest.不像我，我的劳力士从不休息Dont cry. Well repair it.Were handbag specialists. Whenever ithurts well heal it.。

And well guarantee the repair for ninemonths. If you wish, send us your bag and well heal it.别哭，我们会来修理。

我们是手提包行家不管它什么时候受了伤，我们会将它治愈九个月保修期愿意的话，把包给我们，保证修好六、押韵Sea, sun, sand, seclusion—and Spain!大海、太阳、沙滩、幽静——西班牙！。

只要您住进新旅馆“客恋塔”，您就能享受这一切！Sweet, Smart & Sassy蜜、美、迷A Mars a day keeps you work, rest and play.一日一块mars巧克力，令您生活愉悦、精力充沛。

七、夸张Making a big world smaller.我们把世界变小了Weve hidden a garden full of vegetableswhere youd never expect. In a pie.

在您意想不到的地方，我们珍藏了满园的蔬菜——就是在那个小小的馅饼里八、对偶The choice is yoursThe honour is ours选择在你们，荣耀在我们广告练习（英）    1.Grab Life By The Horns---Dodge。

    2.A world of comfort. ----JapanAirline3. Why is therea tiny little frown on this tiny little face? Perhaps I should turn off thelights. Is he feeling cold? Let me cover his little hands. Maybe he wants teddybeside him? Whats with that tiny frown? Wait a minute. What tiny frown? Littledetails matter to us. Because they matter to you.

MalaysiaAirlines4. Qualitynever goes out of style----Levis    5.Youll go nuts for the nuts you get in Nux.

    6.When the wind bites ... and you feel like a bite ... then bite on a Whole Nut ...7. Coke refreshesyou like no other can.

8. With so manycarrots, Ill be a real gem!  9. Tides In. Dirts Out10. Slow cookedtaste for your fast paced world.

    11.If people keep telling you to quit smoking cigarettes, dont listen ... theyreprobably trying to trick you into living.

  12. Do something for nothingand youll get everything.不计回报的付出将会给你带来一切商务信函的翻译一．特征、语气委婉、礼貌   Dear Sirs,。

   Subject: Acrylic Sweaters   Thank you for your letter of July 5, 2001, offering usUS$L.22, M.21, S.19 per dozen C.I.F. C 5% New York.

   In reply, we very much regret to say that we find your price rather highand out of line with prevailing market level.

   Such being the case, it is impossible for us to accept your price, asthe goods of similar quality are easily obtainable here at a lower figure.Should you be prepared to reduce your limit by, say, 3%, we might come toterms.

   It is in view of our long-standing business relationship that we makeyou such a counter-offer. As the market is declining, we hope you will considerour counter-offer most favorably and answer us as soon as possible.

   Sincerely yours,   ...译文：……先生：事由：人造纤维毛衫贵方2001年7月5日报盘（即纽约到岸价每打，包括5%佣金，美元大号22元，中号21元，小号19元）收悉，谢谢兹复，我们非常抱歉地奉告，贵方报价偏高，与现行市价不一。

鉴于此，我方无法接受贵方价格，由于类似质量的货在此处可以较低价格购到，故请贵方降低所报价格，建议降低百分之三这样，我们或许能达成交易鉴于我们之间长期的贸易关系，我方作出如此还盘由于市价日趋下跌，我们极其真诚地希望贵方能考虑我方还盘，并尽早赐以回复。

……敬上以下是一些常见的翻译：贵函：Your letter; Your favor本信/函：Our(My) letter; This letter前函：The next letter; The last mail

次函：The next letter; The next mail;The following贵方来电/传真/E-mail：Your call/E-mail告知：Advice; Notice; To let ... know

特此奉告：We are pleased to inform you ...特此函告：Notice is hereby given that ...贵函收悉：In reply to your letter ...;Answering to your letter ...

贵函敬悉：We acknowledge receipt of yourletter ...同函奉上：Enclosed we hand ...兹答复：We are glad to answer ...如蒙答复，当不胜感激：

Your kind reply willgreatly oblige us.惠请：Have the kindness to...特确认：We confirm ...非常遗憾，今奉告您有关……：We regret to informyou that ...

当我方获悉……，甚为遗憾：We are very sorry to hear/know ...如下列所述    As stated below.对……谨致谢意：We thank you for ...特此通知：

We advise you that ...兹报盘：We offer you ...购买与否，悉听尊便：You will not be pressed tobuy.兹寄上：We send you ...

恳请速予汇款为荷：An early remittance will beappreciated.若你方……，我方当感谢不尽：We would very muchappreciate it if you could ...

今来函有关……：We are/I am writingconcerning ...二．内容基本相同但风格各异的商务信函：   Dear Madam,   As requested, we enclose for your attention our 2001 price list andcatalogue. I should like to draw your attention to the fact that all ourproducts are made from completely natural ingredients and that we do notutilize any artificial additives.

   There are 213 different items in the catalogue and our prices arereasonable and our quality is good. This is the first time that we haveincluded Scratch & Sniff samples of our ten most popular aromas.

   Should you require further information, please do not hesitate tocontact us. If the undersigned is unavailable, the Sales Managers personalassistant will be delighted to assist you.

   We look forward to receiving your esteemed order in due course.   Yours faithfully,J.G.OReilly（签名）

   J.G.OReilly（打字）   Sales Manager信2：Dear Madame Dufrais,You asked us to send you our price list andcatalogue for the 2001 season. I am sure you will find plenty to interest youin it. You will notice that all our products are made from 100% naturalingredients

—we do not useany artificial additives.This year, for the first time, we haveincluded Scratch & Sniff samples of our ten most popular aromas. I thinkyou will agree that our range of well over 200 natural flavors and aromas issecond to none and is outstanding value for money.

If you need more information, do please getin touch with me. If you are telephoning, please ask to speak to me personallyor to my assistant, Ms Hannah Rosser, and we will be very pleased to help you.

I look forward to hearing from you.Yours sincerelyJimOReilly（签名）Jim OReilly（打字）Sales ManagerEnc. catalogue, price list, order form

显而易见，第一封信文体风格较为古朴，第二封信具有现代商务信函的风格试对比：    1．信1格式是缩进式(indented form)每段第一个单词缩进去几个字母，而信2是完全顶格式(fullblocked form)。

，每段第一个单词没有缩进，另外，信1段与段之间空间没有隔行，而第二封信的段落之间隔了一行    2．用词方面有着明显的不同信1的称呼“Dear Madam”比信2的称呼“Dear Madame Dufrais。

”更正式此外，在信1的正文中有许多表达法很正式第二封信的表达法比较口语化如：    Asrequested,（信1）    Youasked us to ... (信2)    Ishould like to draw your attention to the fact that ... (。

信1)    Iam sure you will find ... (信2)   completely natural ingredients(信1)   100% natural ingredients(

信2)    we do not utilize ... (信1)   we do not use ... (信2)   Should you require ... (信1)   If you need ... (

信2)除了以上一些词语外，其他的用词也有明显的差异若将以上两封信翻译成汉语，译者必须将不同的风格在译文中再现出来请看以下两封信的译文：信1译文：女士台鉴：按贵方要求，今随函附上我2001年价目表及产品目录。

提请贵方注意，我所有产品均由天然成分制作而成，无任何人工添加剂本价目表上列有213种不同产品，其价格均合理，品质上乘此乃首次奉送我公司十种最为流行香型之产品的刮刮卡若需详情，敬请联系若适逢此函签名人外出，销售部经理助理将不甚荣幸为您效劳。

盼及时收悉贵方大函    J.G.欧雷利（签名）谨上销售经理信2译文：杜弗丽丝夫人：您好！您要求我们寄送的2001年度价目表和产品目录，今奉上可以肯定，其中许多品种会使您感兴趣您会注意到我们所有的产品都是由百分之百的天然成分制作而成，无任何人工添加剂。

今年，我们首次提供十种最受欢迎的香型产品的刮刮卡相信您会有同感，我们两百多种自然风味、香型的产品质量超群，且货真价实如果您还要了解情况，请一定和我联系若打电话，请直接与我或我的助理韩娜·露瑟女士通话，我们将十分乐意为您服务。

盼回复吉姆·欧雷利（签名）销信经理随信附上：产品目录、价目表、订单以上两种译文的风格明显不一两封信函分别选用了古旧形式和现代风格的词语来表述同一件事如前所述，进入21世纪的今天，商人们不大欢喜读正式、古朴词语太多的信，那样会很费力。

但是，商务信函是一种公函，它毕竟不是亲人或朋友之间的通信，所以，商务信函多少还是带有公对公性质的正式信函翻译成汉语时，需适当选用一些古词来显示信函的礼貌和正式商业信函翻译练习For Inconformity

（由于货物不符而抱怨）Dear Sirs,On March 12, we ordered 1,200 shirts size42. But unfortunately, we received completely different articles-childrenclothes today. We can only presume that a mistake was made and the childrenclothes were for another order.

As I have several customers waiting, pleasearrange for the replacements at once.Faithfully yours,先生们：

三月十二日我方订购了一千二百件四十二号男式衬衣但不幸的是，今天我们收到了完全不同的货物——儿童服装我们想贵方一定搞错了，儿童服装是另一份订单由于有几位客户在等货，故请贵方立即安排更换货物For Damage of Goods。

（由于货物损坏而抱怨）Dear Sirs,Our order No. JT-8; The glassware yousupplied to our order of 3rd July was delivered by the shipping company thismorning. The 160 cartons containing the goods appeared to be in perfectcondition. But when I unpacked them with great care, I regret to report that 10cartons of glassware badly cracked.

We trust you can understand that we expectthe compensation for our damaged goods.Yours faithfully,先生们：

订单JT—8号：我方于7月3日从贵处订购的玻璃器皿已于今早由货运公司送到装有货物的160个纸箱完好无损但当我们小心打开检查时，发现有10箱玻璃器皿严重破损相信贵处能理解我方要求对损坏货物进行赔偿For Poor-Packing

（由于包装不妥提出索赔）Dear Sirs,We are writing to inform you that the toyscovered by our order No.519 arrived in such an unsatisfactory condition that wehave to lodge a claim against you. It was found upon examination that 10% ofthem are broken and some are badly scratched, obviously due to the improperpacking. Therefore, we cannot offer it for sale at the normal price and suggestthat you make us an allowance of 20% on the invoiced cost. This is the amountby which we propose to reduce our selling price. If you cannot accept, Imafraid we shall have to return them for replacement.

Sincerely yours,我们写信通知贵方，519号订单玩具已收到，但货物状况很不令人满意，故我们不得不提出索赔经检查，我们发现有10%的货物破损，而且另有一些也有严重磨损现象很明显，这是由于包装不妥造成的。

因此，我们无法以原价售出货物建议贵方依照发票金额给予20%的折扣，这是我们所建议降低的售价额度如果贵方无法接受，我们不得不退货，要求替换For Delay in Shipment (由于发货延迟而抱怨)

Dear Sirs,The furniture we ordered from you should have reached usa week ago. The delay in delivery has put us to great inconvenience. It istherefore imperative that you dispatch them immediately. Otherwise we shall beobliged to cancel the order and obtain the goods elsewhere.

Please look into the matter as one of urgency and let ushave your reply as early as possible.Yours faithfully

亲爱的先生们：我方从贵方订购的家具应于一星期前收到发货的延迟给我方带来了很大的不便因此，贵方必须立即发货，否则我们将被迫取消订单，到另处订货请紧急处理此事，并尽快告知结果报刊财经文章的翻译最重要的一点是，要大量的阅读商贸方面的英语原版文章，原版杂志。

著名杂志：Time, Newsweek,USNews and World Report, Economist注意：首先找到一个适合自己水平的杂志来阅读；其次要学会坚持；再有就是不要读太难的东西要注意积累词汇。

经济贸易方面的基本词汇是必须要掌握的比如要阅读西方国家经济状况的文章，就需要对描述经济状况的基本词汇有所了解，如：businesscycle (商业周期)，capital goods (资本货物)，economic recession (

经济衰退)，credit-crunching(紧缩信贷)，currencyreserve (货币储备)，以及deflation (通货收缩)等如要读懂有关商品市场的文章就需了解诸如bearmarket (。

空头市场)，bull market (多头市场)，futures market (期货市场)，potentialmarket (潜在市场)等各种市场词汇，同时还需了解描述各种价格的词汇，如constant price (

不变价格)，contractprice (合同价格)，ceiling price (上限价格)和floor price (下限价格)等等同时还要了解涉及商品贸易的词汇，如rebuilding of stocks(。

吃进库存)，sampling(选样调查)，spotsales (出售现货)等等要阅读涉及贸易和贸易壁垒方面的文章，就应了解诸如dumping (倾销)和antidumping(反倾销)；有关各种配额的词汇，如。

absolute quotas (绝对配额)、country quotas (国别配额)，importquotas (进口配额)，global quotas (全球配额)，及prohibited tariff (

禁止性关税)，protectiverate (保护性关税)等等同样，如阅读有关货币汇价波动的文章，就必须掌握诸如capitalexport (资本输出)，capital inflow (资本流入)，currencydevaluation or revaluation (

货币贬值或增值)，floating exchange rate (浮动汇率)等基本词汇其他经济领域，如国际收支、有关贸易做法以及市场调研都是如此，每一范畴都有其基本的词汇只有掌握了这些基本词汇，才能读懂经贸报刊文章的主要内容。

英美经贸报刊中除了有以上涉及的专业词汇外，还包括大量不断涌现的新词汇，诸如Euro (欧元)、pro-market(主供市场经济)、roll-on & roll-off traffic (滚动式运输)、

moonlight-job(“月光”工作；非正式工作)业已成为人们所熟悉的字眼我们今天拥有新词汇的数量之多是可想而知的全部掌握这些词汇是不可能的，但是如果能够熟悉新词的构成模式，尤其对组合词 (compoundwords) 。

的构成形式有所了解，对新词汇的掌握会大有裨益语言洗练、形象生动，多使用省略、引语、插入语、倒装及同位语等文章的时态、语态也与一般文章略有不同，并拥有其特有的词汇和缩略形式在语言技巧上，经常采用文学作品中常见的诸如各种比喻、类比、夸张等修辞手法，以达到某种特有的语言效果。

1. 语言简练、通俗由于报导内容多为经济贸易形势的最新发展动态、所以要求报道的速度既快捷又准确同时为适应多层面的读者，用词越简练越好例：Capitalspending by industry just pokes along. Ditto residential building.。

工业资本开支缓慢增加，住房建筑也是这样此句话里的Ditto一词通俗译为"同上"，经常用于表格中以避免重复这里用ditto一词的目的在于省略例：The collapseof copper prices has come just as demand for it from the industrialized worldhas dropped 8% last year and as production, after two years of high prices, isstarting to increase.。

铜价的猛跌正好是在工业国家的对铜的需求比去年下降8％和经过两年的高价后铜生产量正开始上升的时候发生的这里的前置词on替代了短语compared with前置词on用在此场合既达到了简练的目的，意思又非常明了。

2. 用词形象、生动例：Italyis one country where it is really good-by to the boom, at leastuntil the chronic weakness in the balance of payments is cured, and the 17%inflation is reduced.

意大利是一个真正与经济繁荣告别了的国家，至少，在国际收支方面的长期困境得以改善，以及每年17％的通货膨胀有所抑制之前，情况难以好转这里的告别一词，既good-bye，通俗易懂例：The shakeupgave Clinton achance to revitalize his weary team. So have any of those jobs been filled?Nope.。

此次改组给克林顿以机会使其萎靡的内阁充满活力内阁成员的人选是否已经确定了呢？没有这一段文字中使用了perennial和bugaboo两个词，充分而形象地展示了困扰克林顿的问题的时间之长和棘手程度特别是这段最后一个词。

Nope，是口语中才使用的词，为俚语该词的使用使语气更为生动3. 巧用省略形式例：Who isafraid of global markets?NotU.S.investors.这里Not一词前省略了They are

4. 多使用引语、插入语及倒装形式例：“Based onthe $1-a-day measure, the region as a whole is on track, due in part to rapideconomic growth in many countries, most recently in China,” it said.。

报告称：“按照每天1美元的标准，整个亚太地区有望实现这一目标，部分原因是许多国家快速的经济增长，尤其是在近年的中国”例：“We aregoing to strongly push development of the subway in order to deal withBeijings traffic,” says Liu Qi, the capitals powerful Communist partysecretary. “The large-scale subway development . . . may well result in theworlds biggest network.”。

北京市委书记刘淇表示“我们要大力推进地铁建设，解决北京的交通拥堵问题，大规模的地铁建设……最终可能建成全球最大的地铁网络”以上这段话中，既有引语，又有插入语形式5. 被动语态的使用新闻报道语言中常使用一些固定的被动语态表达方式，如：。

is thought to be, is believed to be, is estimated to be等等例：Thevillagers were mightily impressed by American generosity。

—and carelessness.美国人的大方，或者说是粗心，给这些村民留下了深刻的印象6. 用首都名称代替一个国家的政府例：Instead, Beijing is pitting Ford,GM, and other big carmakers against each other in a bidding war designedtransfer technology.。

相反，在一场目的在于转让技术的投标战中，（中国）北京正将福特、通用及其他大型汽车制造公司置于相互竞争的境地7. 以一个地方建筑物的名称代替某一政府机构例：the WhiteHouse代替美国政府；Pentagon。

代表美国国防部报刊翻译练习GAOSHAN,ChinaThis is the story of the Dai family inChinas remote Dabie Mountains, and a reminder that were not doing much toprepare for perhaps the most important long-term trend in the world。

—the rise of China.The Dais live here in Gaoshan, a hamlet（没有教堂的小村庄）in central Chinas HubeiProvince. I met them in 1990, when their eldest child, an excellent sixth-gradestudent named Dai Manju, had just dropped out of school because the familycould not afford $13 inannual school fees.

Gaoshan had no electricity and was atwo-hour hike from the nearest dirt road. The Dais shared their mud-brick housewith their pig, and they owned nothing: no watch, no bicycle, no change ofclothes.

I wrote about Dai Manju back then, and areader sent her $100 to help, but Morgan Guaranty Trust Company missed adecimal point and sent $10,000 instead. The villagers were mightily impressedby American generosity

—and carelessness.The money went not to the villagers but tothe county authorities, who used it to cover school fees for Dai Manju andother pupils and, mostly, to build a desperately needed school in anotherdistrict. Since then, gaps between rich and poor have worsened in

China, and so Idecided to seek out the Dai family again. I though that I would find them stillliving amid desperate poverty and official indifference, allowing me to write areality-check column about how the Chinese boom has boosted coastal areas butleft the vast interior little changed.

But then I came to the end of the old dirtroad—and foundthat the path had been extended a few years ago so that now it is possible todrive all the way to Gaoshan. Every home in the village now has electricity.Two families even have telephones.

As for the Dais, they are living in a newsix-room house, made of concrete. The pig lives outside. The parents proudlyshowed me their stove, television and electric fan.

Dai Manju turned out to have graduated fromhigh school and then from technical school in accounting, and such loftyacademic credentials are no longer uncommon in Gaoshan. She and her twosiblings are working in Guangdong Province, all earning $125 a month or more

—what her father earned in a year.These inland rural areas lag behind thecoastal regions, and so the income gaps are growing. But lives are unmistakablygetting better almost everywhere. (The only exception I saw was Henan Province,where AIDS is impoverishing villages.) Partly gains come because peasants invillages like Gaoshan go south to work in those sweatshops denounced byAmerican students but treasured by Chinese workers.

he lesson, for me, is thatChinastransformation is trickling even into the poor interior, dragging all 1.3billion people into the world economy. When historians look back on our time, Ithink theyll focus on the resurgence of China after 500 years of weakness

—and the way America was obliviousas this happened.Plenty can still go wrong inChina, from abanking crisis (national banks are insolvent) to labor riots (laid-off workersare grumbling everywhere). The government is often brutal and iscatastrophically mismanaging an AIDS crisis.

But its possible forChinasimultaneously to torture people and enrich them. Human and financial capitalare growing and being deployed more sensibly, and a ferocious drive and workethic are galvanizing even remote nooks like Gaoshan.

For most of human history,Chinawas theworlds largest economy and most advanced civilization. The it stagnated afterabout 1450, but some estimates are that even as late as 1820 China amounted to32 percent of the worlds G.D.P.

—and then it utterly collapsed.Now, with the Dais and a billion peoplelike them emerging from subsistence,

Chinais on course eventually torecover its traditional pre-eminence. And just asChinaat its peak was blindsided by the rise of the West, were likely to beblindsided by the rise of

China.You want a Thanksgiving example of thatdrive I mentioned? Some years ago, a friend was among a group of Americansteaching English in Sichuan Province, and when theycouldnt locate a turkey for Thanksgiving they asked a government official forhelp. Eager to please the Americans, he arranged a feast that included,amazingly, two turkeys.

Late it turned out that hed confiscatedthem from the local zoo.The Weekly Guardian北京重新重视公共交通承受生活压力的北京上班族应该感到庆幸，因为他们将得到罕见的实惠：花更少的钱坐更远的车。

中国首都周日开通了新的公共交通线路——长达27.6公里的地铁五号线，而里程延长后的地铁网络票价却大幅下调至2元人民币，还不到以前最高票价的一半这条价值达120亿元人民币（合16亿美元）线路的开通和地铁票的降价突出表明，北京终于再次把公共交通奉为确保这个快速扩张城市有效运行的唯一方法。

“我们要大力推进地铁建设，解决北京的交通拥堵问题，”北京市委书记刘淇表示“大规模的地铁建设……最终可能建成全球最大的地铁网络”北京的地铁修建计划体现出，随着大量新居民从农村地区的涌入导致城市人口激增，中国各地对公共交通网络兴趣骤增。

中国官方媒体报道，在未来10年左右的时间，预计中国的15个城市将斥资6200亿元人民币修建1700公里长的地铁线路和城市轻轨另有20多个城市也在申请修建地铁北京引领着这一趋势，计划在2015年拥有里程达。

561公里的地铁线路——超过伦敦地铁的408公里尽管北京青睐中国供应商，但地铁激增对德国西门子(Siemens)、法国阿尔斯通(Alstom)和加拿大庞巴迪(Bombardier)等全球交通系统生产商来说，仍然是一个重大机遇。

庞巴迪公司负责修建将于明年开通的首都机场轻轨线路北京的地铁线路修建计划在一定程度上关系到首都的未来北京是中国地铁的先锋，在1969年开通了第一条地铁线路Beijing reconnects with public transport。

By Mure DickieMonday, October 08, 2007Beijings  hard-pressed commuters should count themselves blessed, for they are about to  receive that rarest of boons: more transport for less money.

Even as the Chinese capital opens its new 27.6km No. 5 mass transit line on  Sunday, the price of tickets for the expanded underground network is being  slashed to a flat fare of Rmb2, less than half the previous maximum tariff.

The opening of the Rmb12bn ($1.6bn, €1.1bn) line and  the ticket price-cut highlight Beijings belated re-embrace of public  transport as the only way to ensure the fast-expanding city can function  effectively.

“We  are going to strongly push development of the subway in order to deal with Beijings traffic,”  says Liu Qi, the capitals powerful Communist party secretary. “The  large-scale subway development . . . may well result in the worlds biggest  network.” Beijings  building plan is part of a nationwide explosion of interest in mass transit  networks as urban populations are swelled by a vast influx of new residents  from their rural hinterlands.

Over  the next decade or so, 15 Chinese cities are expected to spend Rmb620bn to  build 1,700km of  underground lines and urban light railways, state media say. More than 20  other cities are also seeking permission to build lines.

Beijing is leading the way, with  plans to have 561km  of subway line in operation by 2015 – well above the London Undergrounds 408km.

While  Beijing favours Chinese suppliers, the subway surge is a big opportunity for  global transit systems producers such as Germanys Siemens, Frances Alstom  and Bombardier, the Canadian company responsible for a light rail link to the  capitals airport that will open next year.

Beijings subway line plans are something of a  return to the future for the capital, which wasChinas underground pioneer when  it opened its first line in 1969.

“亚洲经济增长未解决饥饿问题”英国《金融时报》罗尔•兰丁金(Roel Landingin)马尼拉报道2007年10月9日星期二一份最新报告显示，亚太地区的快速经济增长帮助减少了极度收入贫困，但在解决婴儿死亡率和广泛存在的饥饿方面收效较小。

The Asia-Pacific    region’s rapid economic growth has helped cut extreme income poverty but    has had less of an impact on addressing widespread hunger and infant    mortality, according to a new report.

亚洲开发银行(ADB)和联合国(UN)机构昨日联合发布的报告显示，未来8年，亚太地区多数国家有望将贫困减少一半，实现全民教育以及教育方面的男女平等Most countries in    the region are on track to reduce poverty by half, attain universal    education and achieve gender parity in education in the next eight years,    according to the report released yesterday by the Asian Development Bank    and UN agencies.。

亚太地区的贫困率为约17%，尽管这一数字高于拉美和加勒比地区，但由于经济的快速增长，亚太国家在消除极度贫困方面取得了更大进展报告称：“按照每天1美元的标准，整个亚太地区有望实现这一目标，部分原因是许多国家快速的经济增长，尤其是在近年的中国。

”Although the    region’s poverty rate of about 17 per cent is higher than in Latin America    and the Caribbean, Asia-Pacific countries    are making much faster progress in eliminating extreme poverty thanks to    rapid economic growth. “Based on the $1-a-day measure, the region as a    whole is on track, due in part to rapid economic growth in many countries,    most recently in

China,”    it said.然而该报告还指出，在解决儿童死亡率和营养不良、改善母亲健康状况以及提供安全饮用水和卫生条件方面，亚太地区进展非常缓慢But the report also    noted that the region was making very slow progress in addressing child    mortality and nutrition, improving maternal health and providing safe    drinking water and sanitation.。

因此，除非获得外部帮助，否则亚太地区最不发达国家可能无法实现联合国的2015年千年发展目标(MDG)As a result the    region’s least developed countries are likely to miss the United Nations’    millennium development goals for 2015 unless they get external help.。

报告作者宣称，减少饥饿“是该地区最大的失败之一”，在5岁以下的儿童中，有28%体重不足Reducing hunger “is    one of the region’s greatest failures” with 28 per cent ofunder-fives    underweight, the authors of the report declared.。

亚洲开发银行贫困部门主管施拉迪提亚•贾德吉(Shiladitya Chatterjee)表示，亚太地区在减少贫困方面取得了快速进展，但在解决饥饿、儿童死亡率以及其它社会目标方面步伐缓慢，造成这种差异的部分原因可能在于基础服务领域公共投资不足。

Shiladitya    Chatterjee, head of the ADB’s poverty unit, said the disparity between    rapid progress in poverty reduction and the slow pace in addressing hunger,    infant mortality and other social goals could be partly explained by a lack    of public investments in basic services.

他表示：“尽管由于经济增长迅速，亚洲如今拥有更多的资源，但尚未按照应有的程度将这些资源转化为有效的计划，以提高教育水平和改善医疗状况”He said: “While Asia now has more resources because of rapid growth,    the translation of those resources into effective programmes to raise    standards in education and health care access is not taking place as much    as it should.”。

1. Here No Evil hear no evil, speak no evil, do no evil; harmless films containingnothing evil hear, here synonyms.

2. Stolen Art—Thieves Get The Picture understand the situation.3. The Quality Of MerseyIs Strained Paul Mccartney.

4. Staying Ale and Hearty ale; hale & hearty.5. The Not So Happy Families of Windsor surname of British royal family.

6. Beowulf At The Door7. All Aboard For Abroad8. Pain InSpain9. Sax Appeal  Thequality of mercy is not      strained.

10. The Peace Crop/kR:/: Charity Begins Abroad  charity begins at home.中英语言的差异1．英语重形合(Hypotaxis)，汉语重意合

(Parataxis)好好学习，天天向上        Work hard, and make progress every day.你不知道谁知道         If you dont know,who knows.。

·An Englishmanwho could not speak Chinese was oncetravelling in China.一个英国人，不会说中国话，有一次在中国旅行英语原句是一个典型的形合句，而相应的汉译则是意合句。

假如，将英语原名改成意合句——那读上去还有英语味吗？    There was an Englishman. He could not speakChinese. He was once travelling in

China.同理，假如我们将此句译成：一个不会说中国话的英国人有一次在中国旅行读上去便稍有绕口之嫌2．英语前重心；汉语后重心·Tragedies can be written in literature since there is tragedy inlife.。

生活中既然有悲剧，文学作品就可以写悲剧·The people of a small country can certainly defeat aggression by abig country, if only they dare to rise in struggle, dare to take up arms andgrasp in their own hands the destiny of their own country.。

小国人民一定能够战胜大国的侵略，只要他们敢于起来斗争，敢于拿起武器，掌握自己国家的命运小国人民敢于起来斗争，敢于拿起武器，掌握自己国家的命运，就一定能够战胜大国的侵略3．英语静态(Static)语言；汉语动态。

(Dynamic)语言要想抓住一个人的心，先要抓住他的胃       If you want to graspones heart, you have to grasp his stomach first.。

        The way to a mansheart is through his stomach.·I fell madly inlove with her, and she with me.

我疯狂地爱上了她，她也疯狂地爱上了我·Back and forth his head swiveled, desire waxing, resolution waning.他来回晃着脑袋，欲望在膨胀，意志在萎缩。

我担心你误解了我·I am afraid of you misunderstandingme.对此我深信不疑    Im sure of it.一看见他，我就感到紧张    The very sight of it makes me nervous.。

4．英语重物称(Impersonal)；汉语重人称(Personal)·A wave ofcigar smoke accompanied Ogilvie in.译文奥格尔维进门时带进来一缕雪茄烟雾（汉语不说：一缕雪茄烟雾伴随奥格尔维时来了）。

·Bitterness fed on the man who had made the world laugh.译文这位曾给全世界带来笑声的人自己却饱尝辛酸   The sight of rice noodles reminded me of my hometown.。

一看到米粉，我就想起了我的家乡    Theoverwhelming happiness over the good news left me speechless.听到这个好消息时，我高兴地一句话也说不出来。

5．英语多被动(Passive)；汉语多主动(Active)·The challenge from the Third Worldhas always been foreseen by our shipping companies.

译文我们的航海运输公司总能预见来自第三世界的挑战·An illustration is furnished by aneditorial in the Washington Post.译文《华盛顿邮报》的一篇社论提供了例证。

6．英语多复合长句；汉语多简单短句·As welived near the road, we often had the traveler or stranger visit us to taste ourgooseberry wine, for which we had great reputation, and I confess, with theveracity of an historian, that I never knew one of them to find fault with it.

译文我们就住在路边过路人或外乡人常到我们家，尝尝我们家酿的醋栗酒这种酒很有名气我敢说，尝过的人，从没有挑剔过我这话像历史学家的话一样靠得住    Gypsies are often treated with disapproval,lark of trust, and lack of understanding because their way of life is sodifferent from the way wost other British people live.。

吉普赛人的生方式和大部分英国人大不相同，所以人们对吉普赛人的态度总是不以为然很不信任，而且对他们的生活缺乏了解    Amerchant, whose daughter had married a man with whom it proved she could notget on very well, was surprised some weeks later to see the young lady returnhome with all her belongings.。

有一个商人，他女儿跟一个无法和睦相处的人结了婚结婚没几周，她女儿就打点全部家当回娘家了商人很惊讶7．英语重后饰；汉语重前饰·It is a good plan to imagine an argument with a person having adifferent bias.。

译文借助于想象与持不同偏见的人进行辩论，是一个很好的办法8．英语重短语；汉语轻短语· I have never met a person sodifficult to understand as my husband.。

（形容词词组）译文我还从未遇到过像我丈夫这么难以理解的人·This is by far the mostinteresting book I have ever read.译文这是我读过的最有趣的书· You must

stand up for your friend.（动词词组）译文你得支持你的朋友·To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people.（不定式短语）。

译文对敌人的仁慈就是对人民的残忍· Mary is considering changing her job.译文玛丽正在考虑调换工作    9．英语重时体；汉语轻时体·He is always thinking of how he could do more for the people.。

（表示赞扬）译文他总是考虑如何为人民做更多的事·He is constantly leaving his things about.（表示讨厌）译文他老是乱放东西· I am now living in a very pleasant flat.。

（表示满意）译文我现在住在一间非常舒适的公寓里· You have always been making that mistake.（表示不满）译文你老是犯同样的错误· My wife is always changing her clothes.。

（表示厌烦）译文我夫人总是在更换服装 10．英语“多省略”，汉语“少省略”·To err is human, to forgive divine. (= is divine)译文错误是人之常情，而宽恕别人则是超凡的。

·Last year I didnt get any socks for Christmas, but this yearI seem to have had nothing but. (nothing but socks for Christmas.)

译文去年我得到的圣诞节礼物中没有袜子，而今年却尽是袜子·Do you know the language in which the word for goodbye is alsothe word for hello? And love? And kindness? If you know anything about Hawaii, then you mustknow the word. Thats right, its aloha. (。

NewEnglish Course, p. 262)你可曾知道有这样一种语言，表示“再见”的词同时也表示“您好”、表示“喜欢”、表示“友善”等意思？……如果你对夏威夷有所了解，那么你必定知道这个词此话不假，这个词就是。

aloha同类的转译语言这个东西不是随便可以学好的，非下苦功不可    The mastery of language is not easy andrequires painstaking effort.。

1. n-v.2. n-adj.那项计划是成功的   That plan is a success.独立思考对学习是绝对必要的   Independent thinking is an absolute necessity in study.。

3. n-adv.4. v-n.5. adj-n.6. adj-v.7. adv-n.8. adv-v.9. adv-adj.10. prep-v.一．名词翻译成动词Advertising campaigns have, however, promoted a growing realizationof the advantages of these small plastic cards.

然而，大量的广告宣传促使越来越多的人认识到这种塑料小卡的好处有三种名词在汉译时多转换成动词（1）由动词派生的名词     He seemed immune to these emotions. He was beyondany 。

pretension.他好像不受这些感情的影响，他毫不虚荣矫饰     Undoubtedly they dont have the intentionof making an engineer of him.。

他们肯定没打算把他培养成工程师（2）具有动作意义的名词     He smiled and took a swig from thebottle.他微微一笑，就着瓶子喝了一大口     The slight fall is celebrated by 。

mist andspray.小小的瀑布以水气弥漫，水花四溅而闻名于世（3）有一些加-er或都-or的名词，并不表示一个人的身份或者职业，而是含有较强的动作意味     Unfortunately,I was a bit bossy and I was not a good 。

listener.遗憾的是，我这个人有点儿专横，不太善于听取别人的意见表示人物的名词并不强调其代表的人物而是强调其动作，所以汉泽时应转换成动词     Oldpeople are usually advocates。

of early rising.老年人通常主张早起     Johnhas always been a disciple of balanced diet.约翰一直坚信食物搭配要营养均衡     aswell of muscles  。

肌肉鼓起     a decline in health  健康衰退     anescalation of war  战争升级     areduction in numbers  数目减少     arise in fuel prices  

燃料涨价     adrop of the index  指数下跌     anupsurge of emotions  情绪高涨     a steep plunge of economy  经济急剧恶化

Chinasfirst atomic blast in October 1964 was a great shock to the whole world.     1964年10月中国爆炸了第一颗原子弹，全球为之

震惊    The makingand care of the gardens and the nursing of the young ants are doneby the smallest workers.。

建造花园、照看花园、养育小蚂蚁的工作是由最小的工蚁来完成的二．汉语动词和英语名词之间的互相转换1) They (franchises) are a factor of risingimportance 。

in economy.译文：特许经营在经济领域中的地位日益提高2) The seizureof American hostages inIransharpened the pain of national humiliation.。

译文：伊朗方面扣押美国公民作为人质，这更让所有美国人倍感耻辱3) 知识是人类创造的译文：Human beings are the creators of knowledge.4) 禁止违反游戏规则译文：

Any violation of the game rules is prohibited.三．汉语形容词和英语名词之间的互相转换由于许多形容词具有动态的一样，如英语中的pride oneself onsth.

和be proud of sth. 在意义上是差不多的再如汉语中的“繁荣”一词，在没有上下文的情况下，很难说什么词性1) The latest trend in franchising has been。

diversification in the variety ofproducts offered.译文：特许经营的最新发展趋势是经营的产品丰富多样2) The increasing prosperity。

ofChinahas brought pride to all the Chinese people in the world.译文：中国日益繁荣昌盛，全世界华人都为之骄傲3) 土豆、芥末、生菜、黄瓜之类都是居家生活每天都少不了的。

译文：Tomatoes, mustard, lettuce andcucumbers and the like are necessitiesin daily life.4) 由于数量稀少，环境适应性差，迄今未见饲养展出。

译文：Due to their scarcity and inability toadapt to new environments, no blood pheasant has been raised in any zoo so far.

5) 那项计划是成功的译文：That plan is a success.6) 演出获得巨大成功译文： The  perform is a big success.7) 独立思考对学习是绝对必要的译文：

Independent thinking is an absolute necessity in study.四．汉语动词和英语副词之间的互相转换独立思考对学习是绝对必要的Independent thinking is an absolute necessityin study.。

动词的词类转化（一）动词转化为名词   1   Neutronsact differently from protons.中子的作用不同于质子2   He personified the evilthat was in the world.。

他是世上一切邪恶的化身3   We can house you if thehotels are full.如果旅馆都客满了，我们可以给你提供住处五．形容词的词类转化（一）形容词译成名词1. He was eloquent and elegant.。

他有口才，有风度2. Ice is not as dense as water.冰的密度比水小试比较：冰不如水稠密（二）形容词译成动词可译成汉语动词的英语形容词大多是表达知觉、情感和欲望的形容词1. I am sure they will win the basketballgame.

我相信他们将打赢这场篮球赛2. The couple is fond of modern music.这对夫妇喜欢现代音乐3. When metals are cut, the shining surfaceis visible, but it turns grey almost immediately.。

切割金属时，可以看到闪亮的表面，但是立刻就变成了灰色试比较：切割金属时，光亮的表面是可见的，但是立刻就变成了灰色六．副词翻译成名词1、He is physically weak but mentally sound.。

他身体虽弱，但智力正常     mentally challenged 智障     physically challenged 残疾     vertically challenged  身高不匀七．副词翻译成动词

1、The meetingwas over and they all went home.会议结束后，他们都回家了  2、请开门让我进来     Please open the door and let me in.。

  3、I must be away, the time is up.我该离开了，时间已经到了1) She sat silently for a while, then started weeping.。

译文：她坐在那里沉默了一会儿，然后哭了起来2) I heard someone call my name when themeeting was over.  译文：会议结束后，我听见有人叫我的名字3)

他们也笑着泼水回敬译文：They splashed back laughingly.4) 这种裤子现在非常流行译文：Such pants are very in thesedays.八．副词译成形容词1

、On this question, people of different age groups think differently.关于这个问题，不同年龄组的人有不同的想法2、The film impressed me deeply.。

这部电影给我留下了深刻的印象九．介词译成动词可转译成汉语动词的英语介词一般以含有动作意义的介词为多1. She is against smoking and drinking.她反对抽烟和喝酒2. You cant imagine how angry he was atthe news.。

你想像不出他听到这个消息时是多么生气正反、反正表达无霜冰箱          frost-free fidge油漆未干          wet paint别动              freeze禁止践踏草坪

      keep off the lawn1) Western society (about 1.2 billionpeople) cannot bring the remaining 5.1 billion people in less developedcountries up to the Western consumptive "standard of living" withoutexhausting the earths resources.

译文一：西方社会约有12亿人口要让欠发达国家的51亿人口都达到西方消耗型的“生活标准”，必然会把地球的资源消耗殆尽（正说）译文二：西方社会约有12亿人口要让欠发达国家的51亿人口都达到西方消耗型的“生活标准”，不可能不把地球的资源消耗殆尽。

（反说）2) But with the world steel industry deepin the doldrums, who needed iron ore carriers?译文一：但是世界钢铁工业很不景气，谁还需要这些矿砂船呢？（反说）

译文二：但是钢铁工业如此萧条，谁还需要这些矿砂船呢？（正说）（一）英语正说，汉语反说1) They could accept this suggestion withdignity.他们可以不失面子地接受这个建议。

2) She failed to perceive the difference.她看不出有什么不同的地方3) That ancient vase is above price.那个古花瓶是无价之宝4) Stop behaving like a fool!

别像个傻瓜似的！5) It is beyond his power to preside oversuch an important meeting.主持这样重要的会议是他力不能及的（二）英语反说，汉语正说。

1) The lion is no less cruel than thetiger.狮子与老虎一样残忍2) There is nothing in his house but barewalls.他家徒四壁。

3) I tried hard not to lose a word of whathe said.我努力想听清楚他讲的一字一句4) He came back with no hope on his face.。

他满脸绝望地回来了（三）汉语正说，英语反说1）就在这儿等着，我马上就来   Stay here and wait; I shant be long.2）我们走到桥边就停下来    We went no further than the bridge.。

3）他可是非常勇敢的    He is no coward.4）我这学期只选了六门课    Ihave taken no more than six courses this semester.5）我们很快就可以完成任务了。

    It will not be long before we finish our job.6）中国直到20世纪80年代才开放旅游业Chinadid not open up to touristsuntil the 1980s.。

（四）汉语反说，英语正说（1）那列火车很快就看不见了   The train was soon out of sight.（2）他已长大，不再需要这些玩具了   He has outgrown these toys.。

（3）我一时想不起他的名字了   His name slipped from my memory.（4）他的文风丝毫也不矫揉造作   His style is void of affectation.（

5）他根本不是当音乐家的料   He is anything but a musician.（五）“暗含否定”或“意义否定句”包括下列七种形式，汉译时应译出否定意味（1）副词或相关词组表示否定   If one can judge from the results of the municipal elections, things are。

going ill for the conservative Government.如果可以从地方选举的结果来判断的话，保守党政府的前途是很不妙的   His being higher in learning and birth than the ruck of soldiers is 。

anythingbut a proof of his worth.他受的教育和出身都比一般士兵高，但这决不能说明他的品质此类词还有：reluctantly（不情愿地），amiss（不恰当地），still more (much more)。

（更不用说），somehow（不知怎的）等（2）形容词或相关词组表示否定   He is the last man to give up the experiment halfway.他决不会中途放弃实验。

我绝对不去那个地方    Thats the last place Id love to go.    Awise man is superior to flattery.聪明的人不会被阿谀所左右   Im

wiser than to believe that.我还不至于笨到相信这种话的程度此类例子还有：free from ice（不结冰），far from being rich（很不富裕），null and void。

（无效）， be averse to （不愿，不喜欢），be alien/remote from the subject（与主题无关），be a bit off（有点不舒服），be new to（对……不熟悉），

be foreign to（与……无关）等（3）连词或相关词组表示否定Butthat I saw it, he would have been drowned.要不是我看见了，他早就被淹死了   His being surprised at the news is 。

more than I can describe.他对这个消息所感到的惊奇远非我所能描述此类词还有：only that（要不是），other than（与……不同），than（不至于），for fear that。

（以免），better...than（宁要……而不要）等（4）介词或相关词组表示否定   Ancient superstitions are at a discount in the new society.。

旧迷信在新社会吃不开了   They gave us coffee of a kind, but we couldnt drink it.他们给我们送来了极差的咖啡，我们简直没法喝此类例子还有：beyond my power/reach。

（非我力所能及），out of the swim（不甚了解），beyond words（无法形容），out of humor（不高兴），in two minds（犹豫不决），past patience（忍无可忍），

inside of two days（不到两天），wide of the target（未击中）等（5）名词或相关词组表示否定   Lord, what a far cry from this man to that woman.。

天啊，这个男人和那个女人多么不同呀！   Hes always the square peg in a round hole.他总是跟周围的一切合不来此类例子还有：objection（不赞成），Hobsons choice。

（无选择余地），white lies（无伤感情的谎言），anybodys guess（谁也说不上）等（6）动词或相关词组表示否定   She knows better than to spend all her money on clothes.。

她不至于把所有的钱财都花在衣着上    Ihavent heard from him since he lived here.自他离开这儿后，我就没收到他的来信此类例子还有：let alone（更不用说），。

talk sb. out of sth.（劝某人别做某事），overhear（无意中听到），doubt（怀疑……不是），fallshort of （不足，未达到）等（7）惯用句式这类句子较多，现列出几例：。

   If ever I heard the like.我从未听过这种说法   Who is there but may err?人孰无过？   Take care how you cross these busy streets.。

千万不要横穿这些拥挤的马路   For all I care.不关我的事被动语态的翻译有些英语被动句着重被动的动作，因此，翻译时仍然可以翻译成汉语的被动句，以突出英语原文的被动意义一般说来，被动句指的是具有被动形式标记的句子。

虽然英语被动语态使用范围颇广，但其被动标记却很单一，主要是“be+动词的过去分词”及其变化形式另一方面，汉语被动句式使用较少，但其被动标记要繁杂得多汉语中表达被动意义的语言手段主要包括使用“被、受、遭、让、给、由、把、得到、受到、加以、得以、为。

...所、由...来”等等The minister was found to haveappropriated government money.部长被发现挪用公款He had been fired for refusing toobey orders from the head office.

他因拒绝接受总公司的命令而被解雇了The schoolboy was knocked down by aminibus when crossing the street.那名男生在穿过街道时让一辆小公共汽车撞倒了。

He was praised by his teacher.他得到了老师的表扬Problems should be resolved in goodtime.问题应及时加以解决For a long period to come, most of。

China’selderly will continue to be provided for by their families.在未来较长的一段时间里，中国的老年人仍旧要由家庭来赡养1．Though Hamlet has been deprivedof the throne, everyone respected him.。

尽管哈姆莱特被剥夺了王位，但是大家仍然尊重他The throne：royal authority or power, 王位,王权,地位2．The senior citizens should berespected everywhere。

老人应到处受到尊重3．She was caught in the downpour她被大雨淋了 Downpour： sudden and heavy fall of rain4．The dictionary has beenaffected with damp。

字典受潮了主动句：1．Solution to the problem wasultimately found这个问题的解决办法终于找到了2．He was assassinated in atheatre last night.。

他昨晚在一家剧院遇刺身亡.Assassinate: 刺杀The meeting is scheduled for April thesixth.会议定于四月六日举行Water can be changed from a liquid into asolid.。

水能够从液体变为固体When rust is formed, a chemical change hastaken place.当锈形成的时候，就发生了化学变化She was given a new pen by her father.。

她父亲给了她一只新钢笔.Heat and light can be given off by thischemical change.这种化学反应应该能够放出光和热Only a small portion of the solar energy isnow being used by us.。

我们现在只能利用一小部分太阳能Communication satellites have been used forliving transmission in our country.我国已将通讯卫星用于实况转播。

Modern scientific discoveries lead to theconclusion that energy may be created from matter, in turn, may be created fromenergy.

现代科学的发现得出这样的结论：可以从物质当中产生能，反之，能中可以产生物质The issue hasn’t yet been thoroughlyexplored.人们对这一问题迄今还没有进行彻底探索She was seen to enter the building aboutthe time the crime was committed.

有人看见她在案发前后进入了那座楼.What we say here will not be longremembered, but what we do here can change the world.

我们在这里所讲的话人们不会长久记住,但是我们在这儿所做的事却能够改变世界They are said to build another bridgeacross the river.据说他们正在江上建另一座桥。

Measures have been taken to prevent the epidemicfrom spreading too quickly.已经采取了措施防止传染病的蔓延Water can be shown as containingimpurities.。

可以证明水含有杂质The unpleasant noise must be immediatelyput to an end.必须立刻终止这令人讨厌的噪声Many strange new means of transport havebeen developed in our century。

， the strangest of them being perhaps the hovercraft.在本世纪发明了许多新鲜的交通工具，其中最新鲜的也许数气垫船The decision to attack was not takenlightly.。

进攻的决定不是轻易做出的History is made by the people.历史是人民创造的Printing was introduced into Europe fromChina.印刷术是从中国传入欧洲的。

The first explosive in the world was madeand used inChina.世界上最早的炸药是在中国制造和使用的英语定语从句的翻译一、定语从句的翻译（一）前置法    1

）Pollution is a pressing problemwhich we must deal with.污染是我们必须解决的一个迫切的问题    2）A youngster who has no playmates of his age living nearby。

may benefit greatlyfrom attending nursery school.附近没有同龄伙伴的儿童，上托儿所可以得到很多益处（二）后置法    A．重复关系代词所代替的先行词    1

）They are striving for the idealwhich is close to the heart of every Chinese and for which, in the past, manyChinese have laid down their lives.

他们正在为实现一个理想而努力，这个理想是每个中国人所珍爱的，在过去，许多中国人曾为了这个理想而牺牲了自己的生命    2）Each team plays ten or eleven gameseach season which begins in September and ends in November.。

每个队每赛季参加十到十一场比赛，每个赛季九月份开始，十一月份结束    B．省略关系代词，把定语从句译成并列谓语    3）It is he who received the letterthat announced the death of your uncle.

是他接到那封信，说你的叔叔去世了    4）Some of the energy is convertedinto heat, which helps to maintain ourbody temperature at about 37。

℃.能量的一部分被转化为热，来帮助体温维持在37℃    C．把关系代词译成人称代词    5）We have seen many chemical changes,from which physical changes aredifferent.。

我们见过许多化学变化，它们和物理变化不同    6）It was an old woman, tall andshapely still, though withered by time, onwhom his eyes fell。

when he stopped and turned.他站住，转过身来，定眼一看，是一个年迈的妇女，他身材很高，体形仍然不错，尽管岁月的磨难使其面容有些憔悴    D．当关系代词指整个主句时，应把关系代词译成指示代词“这”。

    7）The activity was postponed, which was exactly what we wanted.这项会议延期了，这正是我们所期望的    8）Salt is crystalized from sea water,which 。

is known to be a physical change.盐是海水结晶形成的，这被视为一种物理变化（三）融合法    1）There is somebody waiting for you who I think might be one of your friendsfrom your native town.

有个人在外面等你，我想这个人可能是你家乡的一位朋友    2）There were men in that crowd who had stood there every day for a month.。

在那群人中，有些人每天站在那里，站了一个月（四）成状语从句    1）In office, figures, lists andinformation are compiled which ell themanagers or heads of the business what is happening in their shops orfactories.。

在办公室里，工作人员将各种数据、表格和信息加以汇编，以便让经理或主管人员了解他们的商店或工厂目前的情况（目的状语）    2）He did not remember his father who died when he was three years old.。

他不记得他父亲了，因为他父亲死时他才三岁（原因状语）3）For many machine whose input andoutput forces are known, its mechanical advantage can be calculated.。

对于任何机器来说，如果知其输入力和输出力，就能求出其机械效益（条件状语）    4）他要再造一幢房子，尽管他并无此需要（让步状语）      He insisted on building another house, 。

which he had no use for.    5）这个方案富有创意，别出心裁，又有魄力，所以令他们都很满意（原因状语）      There was something original, independent and heroic about the plan 。

that pleased all of them.练习：Translate the following sentencesinto English.1. My uncle, who will be seventy tomorrow,is still a keen sportsman.

2. Never say anything behind a personsback that you wouldnt say to his face.3. Chinese trade delegations have been sentto African countries, who will negotiate trade agreements with the respectivegovernments.

答案：1．尽管我大伯明天就满70岁了，但他仍然热衷于运动2．当面不愿说的话，千万不要在背后说3．中国已派出贸易代表团前往非洲各国，与这些国家的政府商谈贸易协定二．同位语从句的翻译：同位语从句的翻译方法主要有三种：。

（1）把同位语从句译成先行词的定语；如：   The news that he intended to come gave us much pleasure.他打算来的消息使我们非常高兴   Weve lost our faith in the idea 。

that we can all get ahead in lifethrough hard work.对于人人都能通过努力在生活中获得成功的理念，我们已经不再相信（2）省略先行词或将先行词译成动词，而对于同位语从句，可视情况单独译为一句或不单独成句；如：。

    Ihire a public relations person to publicize the fact that I work from home.我雇了一名公关人员，向公众宣布，我是在家工作的

   Your assumption, that things will improve, is unfounded.你的设想，认为事情会有改进，是没有根据的（3）可加“这”、“这个”、“即”等词将同位语从句译成分句，或使用冒号、破折号等；如：。

   The hard truth, that they had spent all their money, was a greatshock to her.他们早已花完了所有的钱，这一真相使她震惊    Iinsist upon an answer to my question

whether he was coming or not.我坚持对我的问题要有个答复：他来还是不来此外，有些特殊的同位语从句以疑问句、祈使句等形式出现，有时用逗号与主句隔开，而没有引导语这类同位语从句翻译时往往译成汉语的分句，用冒号与主句隔开。

如：   The question sometimes comes to my mind, "Was it worth theeffort?"我的脑子里有时会出现这个疑问：“那件事值得做吗？”    Ishould like to say to you one important thing.

Go slowly in this matter.我很想告诉你至关重要的一点：此事急不得另外，有时同位语从句前面还有同位指示词，如：as, namely,that is, such as 等用以指明同位语从句与中心句的关系。

一般可按顺序直译如：   She gave me a great deal of miscellaneous information, as thatWilliams real name was Mr. Hicking

.她告诉我许多各种各样的消息，如威廉的真实姓名是希金先生   Many questions —such as how the guests should be seated ­— remained unanswered.。

许多问题，比如客人的座次怎样安排啦，仍然未予答复   Americans are far more race-conscious than they are class-conscious.与其说美国人有阶级意识，。

不如说他们有浓厚的种族意识长句的翻译    1．顺势断句① Despite this backwardness (in thecommunications)—or perhapsbecause of it。

—China hopesto leapfrog into the digital era by bypassing many of the costly transitionaltechnologies that industrial nations are now seeking to replace with moreadvanced digital systems.

译：尽管中国的通讯落后，或者说正是由于这种落后，中国希望跳跃式地进入数字通讯时代，一下子越过耗资巨大的过渡技术阶段这个过渡技术，工业化国家正在寻求用先进的数字系统取而代之② Todays teachers know they have tomake lessons fast-moving and entertaining for children raised on television andcomputer games.。

译：今天的教师懂得，他们给孩子们上课节奏要快，而且还要有情趣，因为这些孩子是在看电视和玩电脑游戏的环境中长大的③ Modern bus shelters began toappear on the pavements, complementing the 21st century appearance of thesurrounding glass and chrome skyscrapers.。

译：富有现代化气息的公交车候车亭开始在街头出现，与周围体现21世纪风貌的摩天大楼群相映成趣，这些大楼外层包装都是玻璃和铬合金④ Soldiers salaries have been so eroded by budgetconstraints and by the soaring cost of living 。

thata major serving in a combat zone earns the equivalent of just $230 per month—plus $10 hazardous duty pay.

译：财政拮据，生活费用急剧上涨，使得军人实际月饷大大减少在战区服役的一位少校每月只拿到相当于230美元的薪金，外加10美元，作为执行危险任务的补贴2．英译汉长句的分译英汉语句的叙事重心和叙事方式都有所不同。

汉语是典型的“话题——说明”型结构，而英语则是“主语——谓语”型结构英语的语篇衔接手法丰富，可以运用大量的功能词（如连词、介词等）将层层信息附着在句子主干上，主从分明，脉络清晰；比较之下，汉语则多借助语序和逻辑关系来组织各层信息，通过短句的累积来表达。

因此将长句切断成短句（cutting)，是英译汉时十分重要而有效的手法翻译时，首先要理清上下文的衔接纽带；然后把句子切分成短句，调整短句出现顺序    1）However, most scholars believe thatChristmas originated in the 4th century as a Christian substitute for pagancelebrations of the winter solstice.。

误译：但是，大部分学者认为圣诞节源于四世纪，是作为异教徒的冬至庆祝活动的基督教替代节日出现的改译：不过早在公元四世纪，基督信徒们便开始庆祝异教徒的冬至节学者们认为，这便是圣诞节的最早起源说明：误译文完全照搬英语语序，因此读起来非常诘屈。

本句后半部作为补充信息，在汉语中通常需要提前铺垫    2）Nor do historical accounts describesettlers engaging in such traditional English customs as feasting on boarsheads or drinking from wassail bowls (bowls filled with spiced ale or wine).

误译：历史上并无这些定居者按照习惯在盛宴上要喝祝酒，吃野猪头的记载改译：另外，按照英国传统习俗，人们会在盛宴上豪饮祝酒（祝酒碗里盛的是加了香料的麦芽酒和葡萄酒），大啖野猪头然而这些都未见记载说明：译法一没有完全传递原文信息。

本文作为介绍性小品文，翻译时应注意传递最大可能的文化信息建议先介绍“习俗”作为准备，后再译出主句    3）Human beings have distinguishedthemselves from other animals, and in doing so ensured their survival, by theability to observe and understand their environment and then either to adapt tothat environment or to control and adapt it to their own needs.

误译：人类把自己和其他动物区分开来与此同时，人类还具有观察和了解周围环境的能力他们要么让自己适应环境，要么控制环境，根据自身的需要改造环境人类就这样一代代地生存下来改译：人类具有观察和了解周围环境的能力，他们要么让自己适应环境，要么控制和改造环境来适应自己。

人类便凭借这一点把自己和其他动物区分开来，一代代地生存繁衍下来    4）Then there are some backpackers, who in midsummer walk with theirpacks on their backs to the bottom of the Grand Canyon, regardless of thewarning that the temperature is many degrees higher on the floor of the canyon,one mile down, than it is on the rim.

误译：还有一些背包客，在仲夏背着背包走进大峡谷的底部，不管事先有人警告说大峡谷底部的温度比一英里以上的谷沿要高出很多改译：还有一些背包客，背着行囊，冒着酷夏，径直走进大峡谷的底部虽然早有人警告说一英里以下的谷底温度比谷沿要高出许多，这群背包客却全然不当回事。

    3．汉译英短句的合并单就句子层面来说，汉语向来有精简概要的传统所以同样的命题和内荣，汉语的句子往往比英语短很多每个句子作为独立的个体，必然通过各种方式与其他短句进行衔接翻译时，汉语重复的部分可以合并，成为英语典型的长句，可以是并列句，也可以是复合句，甚至是成份复杂的简单句。

1）“除夕之夜吃年夜饭是必不可少的程序全家人围坐着一张桌子一同分享佳肴，人多的话兴许不止一张桌子”译文：Feast dinner on the New Years eve is a must for the whole familythat sit at one or more tables. (。

orFeast dinner is a must for the whole family on the New Years eve when all thefamily members sit at one or more tables.)

    2）“新年的早饭是很特别的，北方人吃饺子，南方人吃饭团”译文：Breakfast for the New Years Day is special, Jiaozi for the those in North Chinaand rice balls for the southerners.。

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